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Pathophysiology of Erectile Disfunction in Diabetes Mellitus

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is common in men with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The following article will describe you with the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction in men with DM, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options. According to the diagram, Diabetes Mellitus may cause Erectile Dysfunction through a number of pathophysiologic changes such neuropathy, endothelial dysfunction, cavernosal smooth muscle structural…

Serum Calcium Concentration in the Pathophysiology of Hypoparathyroidism

hypoparathyroidism-pathophysiology-diagram_thumb.png

Hypoparathyroidism is deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which resulting in hypocalsemia and hyperphosphatemia. It involved calcium concentration which plays a vital role in the the pathophysiology and diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. The following diagram shows the hydroxilation of vitamin D to its active form and its action to increase the serum calcium concentration. Find sections such the roles of PTH, vitamin D and calcitonin, detaile…