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The following diagram shows the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS) which plays an important role in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance (sodium and volume homeostasis).

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Hypoparathyroidism is deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which resulting in hypocalsemia and hyperphosphatemia. It involved calcium concentration which plays a vital role in the the pathophysiology and diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. The following diagram shows the hydroxilation of vitamin D to its active form and its action to increase the serum calcium concentration.

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A carbohydrate intolerance with onset during pregnancy known to be the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Many studies associated the GDM with increased perinatal morbidity and very strong risk factor for the development of permanent diabetes later in life for the mother. A table summarizes the screening and diagnostic procedures for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is shown below as recommended by The Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS).

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